How to Start Bird Watching in Pennsylvania Forests

Bird watching, or birding, is one of the most accessible and rewarding outdoor activities for nature enthusiasts. In Pennsylvania, where over 60% of the state is covered by forests, the opportunities to observe a rich diversity of avian life are unparalleled. From the ancient hemlocks of the Pocono Mountains to the deciduous woodlands of the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania’s forests provide critical habitat for more than 200 regularly occurring bird species—and over 400 documented in total throughout the year. Whether you’re drawn to the haunting song of the Hermit Thrush at dawn, the flash of a Scarlet Tanager’s crimson plumage, or the silent glide of a Red-shouldered Hawk through the canopy, bird watching in Pennsylvania’s forests offers a profound connection to the natural world.

Unlike many hobbies that require expensive equipment or specialized training, bird watching can be started with minimal investment and maximum reward. It fosters mindfulness, encourages physical activity, and deepens ecological awareness. More importantly, it contributes to citizen science initiatives like eBird and the Christmas Bird Count, helping researchers track population trends, migration patterns, and the impacts of climate change on avian species.

This guide is designed for beginners and intermediate enthusiasts who want to begin—or significantly improve—their bird watching experience in Pennsylvania’s forests. You’ll learn practical steps to get started, essential best practices, recommended tools and resources, real examples of successful birding locations, and answers to common questions. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll be equipped to confidently step into Pennsylvania’s woodlands, identify birds with accuracy, and appreciate the intricate symphony of life that unfolds above the forest floor.

Step-by-Step Guide

Step 1: Understand Pennsylvania’s Forest Ecosystems and Bird Habitats

Before you head into the woods, take time to understand the types of forests you’ll encounter and how they support different bird species. Pennsylvania’s forests are broadly categorized into three types: deciduous, mixed, and coniferous.

Deciduous forests—dominated by oaks, maples, beeches, and hickories—are most common in the southern and central regions. These forests host cavity-nesters like the Eastern Bluebird and the Downy Woodpecker, as well as canopy-dwelling warblers such as the Black-throated Green Warbler and the Ovenbird.

Mixed forests, found in transitional zones like the Ridge-and-Valley region, combine deciduous trees with evergreens like Eastern Hemlock and White Pine. These areas are prime for species like the Black-capped Chickadee, White-breasted Nuthatch, and the elusive Black-throated Blue Warbler.

Coniferous forests, prevalent in northern Pennsylvania and higher elevations, support birds adapted to colder climates and dense evergreen cover. Look for the Boreal Chickadee, Hermit Thrush, and the Winter Wren in these zones. During migration, these forests also serve as critical stopover habitats for neotropical migrants.

Understanding these distinctions allows you to anticipate which birds you’re likely to encounter based on location, season, and tree composition. For example, if you’re hiking in the Allegheny National Forest in early May, focus on the understory for warblers; in December, scan the treetops for wintering raptors.

Step 2: Choose the Right Time of Year

Timing is everything in bird watching. Pennsylvania’s forests offer dramatically different experiences across the seasons.

Spring (April–June) is the peak season for birding. This is when migratory songbirds return from Central and South America, filling the forests with vibrant colors and complex songs. The first two weeks of May are especially critical—known locally as “May Migration”—when over 50 species of warblers pass through. Early mornings, just after sunrise, are the most active hours.

Summer (July–August) is quieter but ideal for observing breeding behaviors. Look for nesting birds like the Wood Thrush, Ovenbird, and Veery. This is also when fledglings emerge, offering opportunities to observe parental care and juvenile plumage.

Fall (September–November) brings another wave of migration, though less colorful than spring. Raptors such as Broad-winged Hawks and Sharp-shinned Hawks soar along ridgelines in massive flocks called “kettles.” Shorebirds and waterfowl may also pass through forested wetlands.

Winter (December–March) may seem barren, but it’s an excellent time to observe resident species that are easier to spot without leaves obstructing views. Species like the Northern Cardinal, Black-capped Chickadee, and White-breasted Nuthatch remain active. Look for tracks in snow and listen for the distinctive “fee-bee” call of the Black-capped Chickadee.

Plan your outings according to your goals: spring for color and song, winter for clarity and resilience.

Step 3: Select Your First Birding Locations

Not all Pennsylvania forests are equal when it comes to bird diversity. Start with locations known for high species richness and accessible trails.

Allegheny National Forest (Northwestern PA) – Spanning over 500,000 acres, this is Pennsylvania’s largest national forest. Trails like the Laurel Run Trail and the Bear Run Loop are renowned for warbler diversity. The forest’s mix of old-growth and second-growth timber supports breeding populations of Hermit Thrushes, Black-throated Green Warblers, and even the occasional Northern Goshawk.

State Game Lands 138 (Clinton County) – Often overlooked by tourists, this expansive tract of mixed forest is a birding hotspot for rare migrants. Birders have recorded the elusive Connecticut Warbler and the Black-throated Gray Warbler here. Access is via unmarked forest roads—bring a map and be prepared for rugged terrain.

Pocono Mountains (Monroe and Pike Counties) – The Hickory Run State Park and the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area offer well-maintained trails and abundant birdlife. The Hemlock Trail is particularly productive in spring for Ovenbirds and Red-eyed Vireos.

Elk State Forest (McKean County) – Known for its extensive conifer plantations, this area attracts boreal species during winter. The Elk Country Visitor Center offers guided winter bird walks and is an excellent starting point for beginners.

Use free online tools like eBird’s hotspot maps to identify recent sightings and plan your route. Look for trails with elevation changes, water sources, and dense understory—they all attract higher bird activity.

Step 4: Equip Yourself with the Right Gear

You don’t need expensive gear to begin bird watching, but having the right tools enhances your experience and accuracy.

Binoculars – A good pair of 8x42 or 10x42 binoculars is essential. Look for models with waterproofing, fog-proofing, and a close focus distance under 6 feet. Brands like Nikon, Vortex, and Bushnell offer excellent entry-level options under $200.

Field Guide – Carry a physical or digital field guide specific to North American birds. The Sibley Guide to Birds and the National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America are both highly recommended. Digital apps like Merlin Bird ID and Audubon Bird Guide offer photo and sound recognition, making them invaluable for beginners.

Smartphone and Apps – Download Merlin Bird ID (free from Cornell Lab) and eBird. Merlin can identify birds by sound in real time—simply point your phone at a singing bird and let it analyze the call. eBird allows you to log sightings and contribute to global science.

Notebook and Pen – Jot down observations: species, behavior, time, weather, location, and habitat. This builds your observational skills and helps you recognize patterns over time.

Comfortable Clothing – Wear muted colors (olive, brown, gray) to avoid startling birds. Avoid bright reds or whites. Sturdy, waterproof hiking boots are a must. A lightweight rain jacket and hat are also recommended.

Backpack – Carry water, snacks, a first-aid kit, and insect repellent. Ticks are prevalent in Pennsylvania forests—use permethrin-treated clothing or apply DEET-based repellent to exposed skin.

Step 5: Learn Bird Sounds and Calls

Over 80% of bird identification in dense forests is done by sound. Many species are heard long before they’re seen. Start by learning the most common calls in your target areas.

Eastern Wood-Pewee – A clear, mournful “pee-a-wee” repeated every few seconds. Often heard in open woodlands.

Black-capped Chickadee – “Chick-a-dee-dee-dee.” The more “dees,” the higher the alarm level. Listen for the two-note “fee-bee” song in spring.

Hermit Thrush – A haunting, flute-like melody that rises in pitch and ends with a soft, fading note. Considered one of the most beautiful bird songs in North America.

Red-eyed Vireo – A persistent, repetitive phrase: “Here I am. Where are you? Over here. I’m over here.” Often sings nonstop for hours.

Black-throated Green Warbler – A buzzy “zee-zee-zee-zoo-zee.” Easy to recognize once learned.

Use the Merlin Bird ID app to record and replay calls. Spend 10 minutes each morning listening to recordings on your phone before heading out. Train your ears to distinguish pitch, rhythm, and repetition. Over time, you’ll recognize birds by their voices even without seeing them.

Step 6: Practice Silent Observation and Patience

Bird watching is not about speed—it’s about stillness. Many beginners make the mistake of rushing from trail to trail, hoping to “bag” species. This approach rarely works in forest environments.

Instead, find a quiet spot—a bench, a rock, a fallen log—and sit still for 15–30 minutes. Let your eyes adjust. Let the forest settle around you. Birds will resume their normal behavior: foraging, singing, preening. You’ll notice movements you’d otherwise miss: a flicker of wings in the understory, a shadow darting between branches.

Scan systematically: start with the canopy, then mid-levels, then the understory, then the ground. Use your binoculars to follow movement, not to scan randomly. When you spot a bird, pause. Note its size, shape, color pattern, behavior, and habitat. Is it hopping on the ground? Perched upright? Flitting rapidly? These clues are critical for identification.

Patience is your greatest tool. Some of the most rewarding sightings come after long waits—like the moment a Black-throated Blue Warbler finally emerges from the thickets to sing its song directly above you.

Step 7: Keep a Personal Birding Journal

Documenting your experiences transforms casual observation into meaningful learning. Your journal should include:

• Date and time
• Location (with GPS coordinates if possible)
• Weather conditions (temperature, precipitation, wind)
• Species observed (with notes on behavior)
• Any unusual or rare sightings
• Sounds heard and their descriptions
• Photos (optional but helpful)

Over time, your journal becomes a personal record of seasonal change, migration timing, and habitat use. You’ll begin to notice patterns: “The Hermit Thrush always sings near the creek after rain,” or “The Red-breasted Nuthatch appears every October near the hemlock grove.” These insights are invaluable and uniquely yours.

Step 8: Contribute to Citizen Science

Bird watching isn’t just a personal hobby—it’s a powerful scientific tool. By submitting your observations to eBird (ebird.org), you help ornithologists track population trends, migration shifts, and habitat loss.

After each outing, spend five minutes entering your sightings into eBird. Even a simple list of “10 Black-capped Chickadees, 1 Hermit Thrush, 2 Downy Woodpeckers” counts. eBird auto-populates location data and provides species maps. You’ll also receive monthly summaries and alerts for rare birds in your area.

Participate in the Great Backyard Bird Count (February) or the Christmas Bird Count (December–January). These nationwide efforts rely on volunteers like you to generate data used in conservation policy and research.

Your contributions matter. In 2023, Pennsylvania birders submitted over 1.2 million records to eBird—helping scientists confirm declines in species like the Wood Thrush and identify new strongholds for the Cerulean Warbler.

Best Practices

Respect Wildlife and Habitat

Always prioritize the well-being of birds and their environment. Never play recorded bird calls to lure birds, especially during breeding season. This causes stress, disrupts nesting, and can attract predators. Use calls only in extreme cases for research or under professional guidance.

Stay on marked trails. Venturing off-trail damages understory vegetation and disturbs ground-nesting birds like the Hermit Thrush and Ovenbird. If you spot a nest, observe from a distance—never approach or touch.

Leave no trace. Pack out all trash, including food wrappers and water bottles. Even biodegradable items can attract mammals that prey on eggs and chicks.

Practice Ethical Photography

If you bring a camera, avoid using flash near nests or in low-light conditions. Flash can disorient birds and cause them to abandon their young. Use natural light and long lenses to capture images without intrusion.

Don’t bait birds with food. While it may seem harmless, feeding can alter natural foraging behaviors, spread disease, and attract invasive species like European Starlings.

Go with a Partner or Group

Birding with others enhances safety, especially in remote areas. It also improves identification accuracy—two pairs of eyes and ears are better than one. Join a local Audubon chapter or Facebook group like “Pennsylvania Birders” to find experienced birders willing to mentor newcomers.

Be Weather- and Season-Aware

Check forecasts before heading out. Rain can make trails slippery and obscure bird sounds. Windy days reduce bird activity. Cold snaps may trigger irruptions of northern species like Pine Grosbeaks or Bohemian Waxwings.

During tick season (April–September), perform thorough body checks after each outing. Tuck pants into socks and use permethrin on clothing. Carry a tick removal tool.

Learn to Identify Similar Species

Many birds look alike. The Black-throated Green Warbler and the Black-throated Blue Warbler differ only in the color of their flanks. The Hermit Thrush and the Swainson’s Thrush have nearly identical songs—listen for the Hermit’s rising, flute-like tone versus the Swainson’s descending, ethereal warble.

Use field marks: eye rings, wing bars, tail shape, bill length. A field guide with annotated diagrams will help you compare subtle differences.

Observe Behavior, Not Just Appearance

Behavior is often the key to identification. A Yellow-rumped Warbler forages by flitting through the canopy and occasionally hovering to pick insects off leaves. A Yellow Warbler tends to stay lower, flitting among shrubs. A Red-breasted Nuthatch climbs headfirst down tree trunks; a White-breasted Nuthatch moves upward.

Learn to distinguish flight patterns: doves glide, warblers flutter, hawks soar. These cues help you identify birds even in poor light or at a distance.

Tools and Resources

Essential Apps

• Merlin Bird ID – Free app from Cornell Lab. Identifies birds by photo, sound, or location. Includes range maps and daily alerts for rare birds.
• eBird – The world’s largest bird observation database. Submit sightings, explore hotspots, and track your life list.
• All About Birds (Audubon) – Comprehensive species profiles with audio, video, and behavior guides.
• Seek by iNaturalist – Uses AI to identify birds (and other wildlife) from photos. Works offline and is great for families.

Recommended Field Guides

• The Sibley Guide to Birds – The most detailed visual guide, with illustrations of plumage variations by age and sex.
• National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America – Excellent for beginners; includes range maps and concise text.
• Warblers of North America by Jon Dunn and Kimball Garrett – A must-have for spring birders focused on identifying warblers.

Online Resources

• Pennsylvania Audubon Society – Offers workshops, guided walks, and conservation updates. Visit pa.audubon.org.
• Cornell Lab of Ornithology – Hosts free webinars, birding webcams, and educational modules. Allaboutbirds.org.
• PA DCNR Forests and Trees – Provides trail maps, forest management info, and seasonal birding bulletins. dcnr.pa.gov/forests.
• YouTube Channels – “BirdNote” and “The Birding Experience” offer short, high-quality videos on bird identification and behavior.

Local Organizations and Events

Connect with regional birding communities:

• Delaware Valley Ornithological Club (DVOC) – Hosts monthly field trips in eastern PA.
• Western Pennsylvania Audubon Society – Organizes spring migration counts in the Allegheny National Forest.
• Pennsylvania Society for Ornithology (PSO) – Publishes the journal “Pennsylvania Birds” and hosts an annual conference.

Attend local events like the “Spring Birding Festival” in Hawk Mountain (May) or the “Winter Bird Count” in Elk County (December). These gatherings offer expert-led walks and beginner-friendly instruction.

Equipment Recommendations

For beginners:

• Binoculars: Vortex Optics Diamondback 8x42 ($199)
• Field Guide: National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America ($24)
• App: Merlin Bird ID (free)
• Notebook: Moleskine Classic Notebook (small, waterproof cover)
• Backpack: Osprey Talon 22 ($120)

For advanced birders:

• Binoculars: Swarovski EL 10x42 ($2,300)
• Spotting Scope: Celestron Regal M2 65ED ($550)
• Sound Recorder: Zoom H1n ($120) for recording rare calls
• Camera: Canon EOS R7 with 100-400mm lens ($2,200)

Remember: the best tool is your eyes and ears. Invest in learning before upgrading gear.

Real Examples

Example 1: A First-Time Birding Trip to Allegheny National Forest

Emily, a 28-year-old teacher from Pittsburgh, had never birded before. She decided to try it on a weekend in early May. She downloaded Merlin, packed her 8x42 binoculars, and drove to the Bear Run Trail in Allegheny National Forest.

At sunrise, she sat quietly on a mossy log near a stream. Within 10 minutes, she heard a clear, whistled “pee-a-wee”—a Wood-Pewee. She opened Merlin, recorded the sound, and the app identified it instantly. A few minutes later, a flash of yellow appeared in the understory. Merlin identified it as a Black-throated Green Warbler. She noted its olive back, black throat, and yellow cheek patch.

By noon, she had logged 15 species, including a Red-eyed Vireo singing nonstop and a Hermit Thrush perched on a low branch, singing its ethereal song. She felt overwhelmed—but in the best way. That evening, she uploaded her list to eBird and received a notification: “You’ve recorded 3 species not seen in this area in the last 72 hours.” She felt like a contributor, not just an observer.

Example 2: Winter Birding in Elk State Forest

David, a retired engineer from Scranton, began birding in winter after his wife passed away. He wanted to find peace outdoors. He visited Elk State Forest on a snowy morning in January.

He didn’t see many birds at first. Then, near a cluster of spruce trees, he spotted a small bird with a black cap and white eye stripe—Black-capped Chickadee. A moment later, a larger bird with a rusty breast and gray wings landed on a branch: a Hermit Thrush. He hadn’t expected to see one in winter.

He used his phone to record its call—a soft, melancholy warble. Merlin confirmed it. He also spotted a Northern Flicker and a White-breasted Nuthatch climbing headfirst down a pine trunk. He sat for two hours, watching, listening, and feeling connected to something larger than himself.

That winter, he submitted 47 observations to eBird. In March, he received an email from the Pennsylvania Society for Ornithology: “Your observations helped confirm the presence of Hermit Thrushes in Elk County during winter—a rare occurrence.” David began leading monthly winter walks for others. He found purpose in the silence.

Example 3: Family Birding at Hickory Run State Park

The Rivera family—parents and two children, ages 9 and 12—visited Hickory Run State Park on a Saturday in April. They brought binoculars, a printed checklist, and a snack bag.

They started at the Hemlock Trail, where a park ranger gave them a short orientation. The kids used Seek by iNaturalist to identify birds from photos. They spotted a Blue Jay, a Tufted Titmouse, and a Northern Cardinal. The father recorded the songs of a Veery and a Wood Thrush.

By lunchtime, they had identified 18 species. The children were thrilled to see a bird they’d learned about in school—the Ovenbird. They drew pictures of it in their notebooks. The family returned every weekend for a month. By June, the kids were identifying birds by song. One of them wrote a school report titled “How I Learned to Listen to the Forest.”

FAQs

Do I need expensive binoculars to start bird watching?

No. Entry-level binoculars in the $100–$200 range are perfectly adequate for beginners. Focus on clarity, weight, and ease of use rather than brand name. You can upgrade later as your skills and interest grow.

What’s the best time of day to bird watch in Pennsylvania forests?

Early morning, from sunrise to 10 a.m., is the most productive time. Birds are most active then, feeding and singing. Late afternoon, just before sunset, is the second-best window.

Can I bird watch in Pennsylvania forests during winter?

Absolutely. Winter offers unique opportunities to see resident species without leaf cover. You’ll also encounter winter visitors like Dark-eyed Juncos, Pine Siskins, and occasionally, Northern Shrikes or Snowy Owls.

How do I tell the difference between similar warblers?

Focus on field marks: eye rings, wing bars, throat color, and leg color. Use Merlin’s photo ID or consult the “Warblers of North America” field guide. Listen for song patterns—each species has a unique rhythm and pitch.

Is it safe to bird watch alone in Pennsylvania forests?

Yes, if you take precautions. Tell someone your route and expected return time. Carry a charged phone, map, and whistle. Avoid remote areas after dark. Stick to well-traveled trails, especially as a beginner.

What should I do if I see a rare or injured bird?

Do not approach or touch. Note the location and behavior, then report it to eBird. For injured birds, contact the Pennsylvania Game Commission or a licensed wildlife rehabilitator. Do not attempt to care for the bird yourself.

How can I improve my bird identification skills quickly?

Practice daily: listen to bird calls for 10 minutes each morning. Visit the same trail weekly. Keep a journal. Join a local birding group. Use Merlin’s “Sound ID” feature during walks. Consistency beats intensity.

Are there any prohibited areas for bird watching in Pennsylvania forests?

Some areas may be temporarily closed for forest management, wildlife protection, or fire risk. Always check with the Pennsylvania DCNR or U.S. Forest Service before visiting. Avoid posted “Closed Area” signs and respect wildlife sanctuaries.

Can children participate in bird watching?

Yes! Bird watching is ideal for families. Use kid-friendly apps like Seek, bring binoculars designed for small hands, and turn it into a scavenger hunt. Children often have sharper hearing and curiosity than adults.

How do I know if a bird I saw is rare?

Check eBird’s “Recent Sightings” map for your county. If a species is marked as “uncommon” or “rare,” it may be noteworthy. Consult the Pennsylvania Birds journal or local birding groups for confirmation. Never share exact locations of rare nests publicly.

Conclusion

Bird watching in Pennsylvania’s forests is more than a pastime—it’s a journey into the heart of the natural world. It teaches patience, sharpens perception, and reconnects us with the rhythms of the earth. Whether you’re hearing the first spring song of a Hermit Thrush echoing through a misty ravine or watching a flock of Black-capped Chickadees flit through a winter snowfall, each moment is a gift.

This guide has provided you with the foundational knowledge to begin this journey with confidence. You now understand how to choose the right locations, identify birds by sight and sound, use essential tools, and contribute meaningfully to conservation. But the real learning begins when you step outside.

Start small. Visit one forest this weekend. Sit quietly. Listen. Watch. Record what you see. Don’t worry about getting every bird right—worry about being present. Over time, the forest will reveal its secrets to you. The birds will become familiar companions. The songs, once mysterious, will become melodies you recognize and cherish.

Pennsylvania’s forests are alive with wings and voices. They’ve been singing for centuries. Now, you have the tools to listen—and to be part of their story.